Abstract: The mechanical properties of wood are an important foundation for the refined mechanical analysis and scientific evaluation of wooden structures. However, existing research on the highly anisotropic mechanical properties of wood and its nonlinear behavior is not in-depth or systematic. We selected the commonly used tree species for traditional timber structures, Chinese fir, and made strength and elastic modulus specimens in various texture directions, as well as shear specimens in different texture planes. We also developed corresponding shear test fixtures and systematically tested 15 elastic constants and 12 strength indicators of the wood, analyzed its highly anisotropic characteristics, and clarified the nonlinear characteristics of the entire force process of wood under tension, compression, and shear in different texture directions and planes. The results indicate that the nonlinear characteristics of Chinese fir vary greatly under different stress states, and brittle failure occurs in all three materials under tensile stress; Under longitudinal compression, there are two typical failure modes: shear and instability, with significant differences in the stress mechanisms between radial and tangential compression; The shear stress-strain curves of RL and TL are basically linear before brittle failure, while the shear nonlinearity characteristics in the other four texture planes are extremely significant. The research results are more in-depth and comprehensive than previous studies on the mechanical properties of wood based on the assumption of orthogonal anisotropy, laying the foundation for further establishing more refined wood constitutive models and improving the accuracy of nonlinear analysis of wooden structures.