Abstract: As a multifunctional material integrating special wetting properties and fire protection functions, the superhydrophobic-flame retardant synergistic coating effectively overcomes the inherent defects of single superhydrophobic coatings (Only hydrophobic anti-fouling) and traditional flame retardant coatings (poor water resistance), showing great application potential in the field of high-risk environment protection. This paper systematically elaborates on the theoretical basis of superhydrophobicity and analyzes the mechanism of constructing micro/nano hierarchical rough structures and introducing low surface energy substances. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of preparation methods such as spraying, sol-gel, and graft copolymerization. The focus is placed on the synergistic effect between flame retardant mechanisms and superhydrophobicity, including gas-phase flame retardancy and condensed-phase flame retardancy. It summarizes the key parameters of testing and analysis methods such as Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and UL-94 test, and analyzes in detail the characteristics and synergistic effects of nitrogen/phosphorus-based flame retardant and its silicon synergistic systems, metal compound-based flame retardant systems, and carbon-based micro-nano flame retardant materials. Furthermore, it explores the influence laws of modification on the water resistance, thermal stability and flame retardancy, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of composite materials, and finds that coatings with a rigid skeleton and fluorinated silane exhibit superior alkali resistance. Finally, it expounds on some existing problems in the research of superhydrophobic-flame retardancy and prospects for future research directions, suggesting efforts in optimizing preparation processes, developing environmentally friendly materials, enhancing the interface bonding between flame retardant layers and hydrophobic layers, and improving alkali resistance.