Abstract: As the global issue of climate change becomes increasingly severe, extreme heat waves are occurring with greater frequency, posing significant challenges to human health, ecosystems, and socio-economic development. Passive radiative cooling, a novel cooling technology that requires no external energy input and relies solely on materials to radiate heat into the atmospheric window band (8–13 μm), holds significant strategic importance in advancing carbon neutrality and sustainable development. Compared to traditional metals, ceramics, and synthetic polymers, cellulose demonstrates notable advantages in the greenification of radiative cooling technology due to its unique infrared emission properties, excellent renewability, outstanding biodegradability, and abundant reserves. Based on this, this review analyzes recent research findings on various types of radiative cooling materials from the perspectives of wood-bamboo-based, cellulose-based, cellulose/organic composite-based, and cellulose/inorganic composite-based materials. It discusses the current structural forms of cellulose-based radiative cooling. Finally, it summarizes and outlines the challenges currently faced in research and the future development directions of this field.