Abstract: With the development of nuclear energy, a large amount of uranium-containing radioactive wastewater has been produced, posing a great threat to ecological safety and human health. At the same time, with the gradual depletion of terrestrial uranium, it is imperative to exploit uranium from seawater to ensure long-term sufficient supply of nuclear fuel. In recent years, the adsorption method has attracted increasing attention in the treatment of uranium-contaminated wastewater and the extraction of uranium from seawater. And it is a green, economical and sustainable development strategy for uranium adsorption to prepare high value-added biomass-based materials with excellent performance based on its eco-friendliness, abundant reserves and low cost. This review focuses on the main progress of biomass-based uranium adsorption composite materials, covering its adsorption performance and adsorption mechanism. Finally, the future prospects and research direction are proposed for better biomass-based adsorbents.